Arvind's Newsletter

1.Corporate Governance: Institutional shareholders’ activism surged 44% in FY23, reports Moneycontrol.

In a sign that signifies a vibrant market environment, institutional shareholders have become much more active compared to earlier and making their voices heard during shareholder meetings, data shows.

According to data dug out by Prime Database, the number of resolutions where more than 20 percent of institutional shareholders expressed their dissent increased by a huge 44 percent to 1,833 in FY23 among those listed on the NSE main board. This was up from 1,256 in FY22 and 636 in FY21. Among the Nifty 50 companies, this increased by 35 percent to 73 in number (as compared to 54 last year).

Like in previous years, most of such resolutions related to board changes and remuneration, specifically employee stock ownership plans (ESOPs).

However, of the above mentioned 1,833 resolutions though, a huge 1,774 or 97 percent of them still passed, mostly owing to high promoter holding in the companies.

2.The jet engine agreement between General Electric (GE) Aerospace and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) announced last week was not done on a “strategic bet” but was a way of saying that India and the United States will be friends for the next 25 to 50 years, US Ambassador said as reported in Indian Express.

3.Researchers discover a new CRISPR-like system that may allow editing of the genetic code with greater precision

A team of researchers led by Feng Zhang at the McGovern Institute for Brain Research at MIT and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard has uncovered the first programmable RNA-guided system in eukaryotes — organisms that include fungi, plants, and animals.

In a study published in Nature, the team describes how the system is based on a protein called Fanzor. They showed that Fanzor proteins use RNA as a guide to target DNA precisely, and that Fanzors can be reprogrammed to edit the genome of human cells. The compact Fanzor systems have the potential to be more easily delivered to cells and tissues as therapeutics than CRISPR-Cas systems, and further refinements to improve their targeting efficiency could make them a valuable new technology for human genome editing.

Meanwhile, Scientists Are Gene-Editing Flies to Fight Crop Damage without using chemical pesticides.

4. The Risks of Export-oriented Tech manufacturing:Vietnam’s tech manufacturing boom goes bust

   A year ago, Samsung and suppliers for Apple and Google were crazy for Vietnam. Now demand for electronics has dropped, pushing some 45,000 people out of work.

   Now, villages that house these tech factory workers remain sleepy and becalmed in the sweltering June heat. The vast factories in the region, operated by industrial giants like Samsung, have substantially slowed production, calling in employees as rarely as once a week.

   These are the symptoms of a global slump in the demand for electronics, and the result of difficulties in sourcing components from China. Once the pandemic’s peak began to decline, people in the U.S.

   or Europe tamped down on their purchases of new smartphones and TVs; when inflation bit, they tightened their belts another notch. New orders and production for big electronics companies tanked

   to their worst levels since mid-2020. The effects of that contraction have rippled across the world, throwing the lives of tens of thousands of people who make these items into disarray.

   Vietnam’s experience in this area has learnings for India: significantly export-oriented manufacturing has significant risks if the global demand should slump. Also in many segments of electronic component chain including chips go through both booms and busts.

5.The working-from-home illusion fades, reports The Economist. It is not more productive than being in an office, after all. Long Read.

A gradual reverse migration is under way, from Zoom to the conference room. Wall Street firms have been among the most forceful in summoning workers to their offices, but in recent months even many tech titans—Apple, Google, Meta and more—have demanded staff show up to the office at least three days a week. For work-from-home believers, it looks like the revenge of corporate curmudgeons. Didn’t a spate of studies during the covid-19 pandemic demonstrate that remote work was often more productive than toiling in the office?

Unfortunately for the believers, new research mostly runs counter to this, showing that offices, for all their flaws, remain essential. A good starting point is a working paper that received much attention when it was published in 2020 by Natalia Emanuel and Emma Harrington, then both doctoral students at Harvard University. They found an 8% increase in the number of calls handled per hour by employees of an online retailer that had shifted from offices to homes.

Far less noticed was a revised version of their paper, published in May by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The boost to efficiency had instead become a 4% decline.

The researchers had not made a mistake. Rather, they received more precise data, including detailed work schedules. Not only did employees answer fewer calls when remote, the quality of their interactions suffered. They put customers on hold for longer. More also phoned back, an indication of unresolved problems.

The revision comes hot on the tails of other studies that have reached similar conclusions. David Atkin and Antoinette Schoar, both of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Sumit Shinde of the University of California, Los Angeles, randomly assigned data-entry workers in India to labour either from home or the office.

Those working at home were 18% less productive than their peers in the office. Michael Gibbs of the University of Chicago and Friederike Mengel and Christoph Siemroth, both of the University of Essex, found a productivity shortfall, relative to prior in-office performance, of as much as 19% for the remote employees of a large Asian IT firm.

Another study determined that even chess professionals play less well in online matches than face-to-face tilts. Yet another used a laboratory experiment to show that video conferences inhibit creative thinking.

The reasons for the findings will probably not surprise anyone who has spent much of the past few years working from a dining-room table. It is harder for people to collaborate from home. Workers in the Fed study spoke of missing their “neighbours to turn to for assistance”. Other researchers who looked at the communication records of nearly 62,000 employees at Microsoft observed that professional networks within the company become more static and isolated. Teleconferencing is a pale imitation of in-the-flesh meetings: researchers at Harvard Business School, for example, concluded that “virtual water coolers”—rolled out by many companies during the pandemic—often encroached on crowded schedules with limited benefits. To use the terminology of Ronald Coase, an economist who focused on the structure of companies, all these problems represent an increase in co-ordination costs, making collective enterprise more unwieldy.

Some of the co-ordination costs of remote work might reasonably be expected to fall as people get used to it. Since 2020, many will have become adept at using Zoom, Webex, Teams or Slack. But another cost may rise over time: the underdevelopment of human capital. In a study of software engineers published in April, Drs Emanuel and Harrington, along with Amanda Pallais, also of Harvard, found that feedback exchanged between colleagues dropped sharply after the move to remote work. Drs Atkin, Schoar and Shinde documented a relative decline in learning for workers at home. Those in offices picked up skills more quickly.

The origins of the view that, contrary to the above, remote working boosts productivity can be traced to an experiment nearly a decade before the pandemic, which was reported by Nicholas Bloom of Stanford and others in 2013. Call-centre workers for a Chinese online travel agency now known as Trip.com increased their performance by 13% when remote—a figure that continues to appear in media coverage today. But two big wrinkles are often neglected: first, more than two-thirds of the improved performance came from employees working longer hours, not more efficiently; second, the Chinese firm eventually halted remote work because off-site employees struggled to get promoted. In 2022 Dr Bloom visited Trip.com again, this time to investigate the effects of a hybrid-working trial. The outcomes of this experiment were less striking: it had a negligible impact on productivity, though workers put in longer days and wrote more code when in the office.

The price of happiness

There is more to work (and life) than productivity. Perhaps the greatest virtue of remote work is that it leads to happier employees. People spend less time commuting, which from their vantage-point might feel like an increase in productivity, even if conventional measures fail to detect it. They can more easily fit in school pickups and doctor appointments, not to mention the occasional lie-in or midmorning jog.

And some tasks—notably, those requiring unbroken concentration for long periods—can often be done more smoothly from home than in open-plan offices. All this explains why so many workers have become so office-shy.

Indeed, several surveys have found employees are willing to accept pay cuts for the option of working from home. Having satisfied employees on slightly lower pay, in turn, might be a good deal for corporate managers. For many people, then, the future of work will remain hybrid.

Nevertheless, the balance of the work week is likely to tilt back to the office and away from home—not because bosses are sadomasochists with a kink for rush-hour traffic, but because better productivity lies in that direction.